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MisophoniaCasestudy.pdf

Vol.:(0123456789)1 3
Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy (2020) 50:29–35 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-019-09438-3
ORIGINAL PAPER
Misophonia, Maladaptive Schemas and!Personality Disorders: A!Report of!Three Cases
Eleonora!Natalini1 !· Giancarlo!Dimaggio2!· Theodoros!Varakliotis1!· Alessandra!Fioretti1!· Alberto!Eibenstein1,3
Published online: 8 August 2019 © The Author(s) 2019
Abstract Misophonia is a chronic condition in which specific sounds cause intense negative emotions and autonomic arousal. Miso- phonia is considered a psychological disorder without any relationship with specific alterations of hearing receptors and independent from physical characteristics of the sound. Moreover if misophonia can be defined as a specific psychiatric disorder or a correlate of other conditions is still under debate. The patients were two women and one man. In this case series we first identified the presence of triggers sounds inducing misophonia as reported during the psychotherapy sessions. At a qualitative level all the three patients perceived that the others were intentionally acting with the purpose of underline their maladaptive interpersonal schemas. All the patients were evaluated with the use of questionnaires. Regarding personality dis- orders (PD) all three patients su!ered from at least one PD. As regard depression, one had moderate depression and one had severe depression. Two patients had moderate/severe anxiety. All the three patients can be considered as highly problematic in the interpersonal domain. Our findings have clinical implications for the treatment of misophonia because it seems to be sustained by underlying PD or maladaptive interpersonal schemas. The qualitative analysis of these cases has highlighted how patients with misophonia tended to ascribe intentionality to the people who emit the sounds that trigger their negative emotional reactions. Further studies are necessary to evaluate which kind of interpersonal patterns occur in these patients.
Keywords Misophonia”· Maladaptive schema”· Personality disorder”· Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder”· Anger”· Disgust
Introduction
Misophonia is a chronic condition in which the exposure to specific sounds increase the arousal and the recurrence of specific intense negative emotions, mostly anger. The word “misophonia” (“miso” means hate and “phonia” means sound) was first used by Jastrebo! and Jastrebo! (2001, 2002) who noted that some individuals had negative reac- tions to specific sounds. These negative reactions did not show any relationship with the physical characteristics of the
sound as in hyperacusis and the negative emotion, related to the sound exposure, was not fear as in the case of phonopho- bia. Patients with misophonia did not worry about a physical damage caused by the sound exposure like a hearing loss.
Trigger stimuli are usually represented by repetitive sounds, typically produced by other people (Edelstein et”al. 2013; Schröder et”al. 2013, 2017; Taylor 2017). Among these sounds the most common are: chewing, sni