Mr. Cohen is a 75-year-old male admitted with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema). He has been keeping the head of the bed up for most of the day and night to facilitate his breathing which has resulted in lower back pain.1. Briefly define chronic obstructive pulmonary dis- ease (COPD). What pathophysiology is occurring in the lungs of a client with emphysema? 2. What are five signs and symptoms of respiratory distress the nurse may observe in a client with COPD?