A 25 year old woman with congenital nipple inversion presents with a 5 day history of redness and swelling associated with pain in her left breast. You are concerned about a diagnosis of periductal mastitis. Which of the following is a predisposing factor for periductal mastitis? A 25 year old woman with congenital nipple inversion presents with a 5 day history of redness and swelling associated with pain in her left breast. You are concerned about a diagnosis of periductal mastitis. Which of the following is a predisposing factor for periductal mastitis? Nipple piercing All of the above Nipple inversion Cigarette smoking