Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) is a condition that arises from prolonged exposure to traumatic events, particularly in situations where individuals feel trapped or powerless. CPTSD is differentiated from PTSD by its emphasis on disturbances in self-organization, affecting identity and relational capacities (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Symptoms of PTSD include emotional dysregulation, dissociation, distorted self-perception, interpersonal difficulties, and somatic symptoms, reflecting the impact of trauma on an individual’s psychological and emotional well-being (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Neurocognitive disorders, such as traumatic brain injury, can contribute to criminal behavior through various symptoms. Research shows that individuals with neurocognitive disorders may exhibit impulsivity, poor judgment, aggression, and irritability, which increase the risk of engaging in criminal activities (Miles et al., 2021; Williams et al., 2018). For example, impaired impulse control and disinhibition following traumatic brain injuries can lead to impulsive and potentially criminal behavior, as individuals may act without considering consequences or social norms (Bejenaru